What Are Z Drugs?

Z Drugs are medications specifically prescribed for significant sleep issues, such as trouble falling asleep or maintaining sleep. These drugs get their name because their generic titles usually start with a 'z'.

In the UK, zolpidem and zopiclone are the main Z Drugs currently available by prescription. Zaleplon used to be part of this list but is no longer authorised in the UK.

Although not benzodiazepines, Z Drugs function in a similar manner and can cause dependency and withdrawal issues. They are fast-acting, with short-lasting effects, and are less prone to causing next-day grogginess compared to other sleep aids.

When Should Z Drugs Be Prescribed?

A healthcare provider should only consider prescribing you Z Drugs for severe insomnia and after alternative non-pharmaceutical options have been tried. If you are an older adult, Z Drugs might be the first choice over other sleep aids due to their shorter duration of effects.

When Shouldn't They Be Prescribed?

Typically, Z Drugs won't be prescribed for individuals with :

• Advanced respiratory issues
• Sleep apnoea
• Serious kidney or liver conditions
• Unmanaged neuromuscular conditions like myasthenia gravis
• Extra caution is applied if you have a history of substance misuse, respiratory problems, or specific mental health diagnoses.

Taking Z Drugs Responsibly

If you're using Z Drugs, they should be taken on an empty stomach and never mixed with alcohol. The prescription should be of the lowest effective dose and for the shortest possible duration. Discontinuation should be gradual to minimise withdrawal symptoms.

Risks and Activities While on Z Drugs

Be cautious of sleep-walking or other activities while not fully awake, like driving or eating, which might occur when on Z Drugs. Consult your healthcare provider immediately if you experience such behaviours.

Antihistamines as Sleep Aids

Some antihistamines, which are generally used for allergies, can induce drowsiness and are available over-the-counter for transient sleep issues. However, they may have a 'hangover' effect and could lose efficacy if used continuously.

Who Should Be Cautious with Antihistamines?

People with certain conditions like an enlarged prostate, glaucoma, liver issues, or epilepsy should consult a healthcare provider before using antihistamines as sleep aids.

Melatonin

This natural hormone is also available as a prescription for short-term use, primarily in individuals over 55. It's not generally recommended for minors, pregnant, or breastfeeding individuals.

Older Sedatives

Chloral hydrate and clomethiazole are older sleep aids with numerous side effects and are seldom prescribed nowadays. Similarly, barbiturates are rarely used for sleep issues today.